Extravasation in intravenous (IV) therapy occurs when the IV fluid or medication accidentally leaks out of the vein and into the surrounding tissue. This happens when the IV catheter moves out of the vein or if the vein wall is damaged during treatment.
Why is extravasation important?
When fluids leak into surrounding tissue, it can cause irritation, inflammation, and damage depending on the type of medication or fluid being administered. Some medications are harmless if they leak, but others, called vesicants, can cause serious tissue injury, including blisters, ulceration, or even tissue death if not treated promptly.
What causes extravasation?
- Improper placement of the IV catheter
- Movement or dislodgement of the catheter after insertion
- Fragile or damaged veins
- High-pressure infusion of fluids or medications
What are the symptoms of extravasation?
- Swelling or puffiness around the IV site
- Pain or burning sensation at or near the injection site
- Redness or bruising of the skin
- Tightness or hardness of the affected area
- In severe cases, blistering or skin ulceration
What should be done if extravasation occurs?
- Stop the IV infusion immediately to prevent further leakage
- Notify a healthcare professional right away
- Elevate the affected limb if possible to reduce swelling
- Apply cold or warm compresses as directed by medical staff
- Medical evaluation is essential to assess the damage and start treatment promptly, which may include medication to reduce tissue damage
How is extravasation prevented?
- Careful insertion of IV catheters by trained staff
- Regular monitoring of the IV site for early signs of leakage
- Using appropriate catheter size and infusion rates
- Educating patients to report any discomfort or unusual sensations immediately
Extravasation in IV therapy happens when IV fluids or medications accidentally leak from a vein into surrounding tissue. This can cause pain, swelling, redness, and in severe cases, tissue damage—especially if the leaked substance is a harmful vesicant. Immediate action, like stopping the infusion and notifying medical staff, is crucial.